Constitutional Law

Basic Law Drafting History Online

Compilation of information and documents from the drafting history of the Hong Kong's Basic Law (constitution), with a search facility, provided by the Centre for Comparative and Public Law and the University of Hong Kong Libraries. Has the following sections: Drafting Materials, 1985 to 1997; News Coverage (1985 to 1990); the Legco Database (proceedings of the Hong Kong Legislative Council; and Textual History (drafts of each article of the Basic Law). The documents are in Chinese and / or English.

Constitution of Spain

English-language version of the Spanish Constitution, as amended, on the website of the Spanish Senate. The Constitution was adopted in 1978 and has sections dealing with fundamental rights and duties, the role of the Crown, the Cortes Generales, the Government and the Judiciary. There are also chapters covering the economy and finance, organisation of the state and the Constitutional Court.

International Legal Assistance Consortium

Legacy website of the International Legal Assistance Consortium (ILAC), a rule of law NGO that was active from 2002 to 2025. An umbrella organisation of bar associations, law societies, individuals and other associations of legal and human rights experts, ILAC was concerned with the rebuilding of legal systems in post-conflict societies. Its website is being maintained as a repository for its research: reports, rule of law assessments, policy briefings and discussion papers.

Constitution of Tonga

Online version of the 1875 Constitution of Tonga (amended up to 1988) on PacLII, the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute website. PacLII is a joint initiative involving the University of the South Pacific and the Australasian Legal Information Institute.

Constitution of Bhutan

Electronic copy of the 2008 Constitution of Bhutan made freely available online by the Comparative Constitutions Project at the University of Texas at Austin. The Constitution has sections on citizenship and the rights and duties of citizens. There are also articles on the role of the monarchy, an outline of the governmental system and the functions of various other official bodies.

 

VOTA

The VOTA database is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) and managed in cooperation with the Mexican Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (TEPJF). VOTA contains national electoral legislation of Council of Europe member states, covering topics such as universal suffrage, political parties, electoral systems, referendums, voter registration, frequency of elections and polling stations. Materials provided include laws, constitutions and opinions.

CODICES

The CODICES database was created by the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). It provides key judgments from the constitutional courts of European countries, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. There is background information on each constitutional court, with details of powers, composition and organisation, as well as basic texts relating to the court. The constitutions of all member states of the Council of Europe and national laws relating to constitutional courts are also given.

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